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Arabic Classical Music
This tradition of Arabic classical music dates back to guidelines for modulation, rhythm and tuning set down in treatises in the 8th and 9th centuries. Like much pan-Islamic music, Arabic classical is modal (based on the maqam system) and monophonic, utilizing un-equal temperament. Unlike Arabic Folk Music, Arabic classical relies heavily on complex improvisation and modulation. Instrumental improvisations, called taqsim, generally features a solo performer, usually on a string instrument like the oud. Vocal music is accompanied by a small ensemble (as in Al-Maqam Al-Iraqi) and often involves modal improvisation (layali) and/or the recitation of poetic texts (muwashshah, mawwal).

In the 20th century Egypt was the center of activity for classical music, due to a growing entertainment and recording industry in Cairo. This led to the development of Traditional Arabic Pop, which was strongly influenced by traditional classical music.

Major modern classical artists include Munir Bashir, Yûsuf Omar and Farid el- Atrache.




Munir Bashir
L'art du 'ûd (1971)

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Al-Maqam Al-Iraqi
Also known as:  Iraqi Maqam, Maqam Al-Iraqi, الـمـقـام الـعـراقـي‎
Al-Maqam Al-Iraqi (Arabic: الـمـقـام الـعـراقـي) is an old form of Iraqi-Arabic Classical Music, considered by some as the most perfect utilization of the Arabic maqam modal system. The genre is built around set structures which consist of specific vocal maqam modes, whereby certain singing forms are used to perform poems (in Classical Arabic or in the Iraqi colloquial dialect) to the backing of an ensemble. Traditionally, the ensemble backing the mughanni (solo vocalist) would consist of the santur, the jawza, the tabla and the riqq.




Munir Bashir
L'art du 'ûd (1971)

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Andalusian Classical Music
Also known as:  Arab-Andalusian Classical Music, Arabo-Andalusian Classical Music, Arabic-Andalusian Classical Music, Moussiqua Al-âla
Although the origins of Andalusian classical music are unsure, it is generally thought that it had its beginnings in the Emirate of Cordoba (in Al-Andalus, the region of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control) in the 9th century, and sometimes Abu l-Hasan (also known as Ziryâb) is credited in particular as its inventor. It spread across North Africa, and is now most associated with Morocco.




Atrium Musicae de Madrid
Musique arabo-andalouse (1977)

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Carnatic Music
Also known as:  Karnatik Classical Music, Karnatak Music, Karnatik Music, Karṇāṭaka Sangīta, Karṇāṭaka Sangītam
The South Indian traditional music form, it differs from its North Indian cousin Hindustani Classical Music with a stronger emphasis on vocal music, different instrumentation, generally shorter performances and faster tempo.




Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu
Memorable Violin Solos (1971)

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Gagaku
A form of traditional Japanese classical music originating from 8th century Japan, during the Nara period.




Japanese Koto Orchestra
Japanese Koto Orchestra (1993)

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Hindustani Classical Music
Also known as:  North Indian Classical Music, Shāstriya Sangeet
The North Indian traditional music (also including parts of Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan) with roots reaching back to the 12th century AD.

Younger than its cousin, the South Indian Karnatic Classical music, Hindustani Classical Music incorporated Muslim and Persian influences to become one of the major hybrid musical styles of the world.




Ravi Shankar
Music of India: Three Classical Rāgas (1956)